Abstract
Key Words: Ultra-soft power of Bharat, global harmony, military prowess, economic strength, cultural interactions
1. Introduction
Ancient Indian literature indicate that the northern hemisphere was once completely encircled by waters, encompassing a significant landmass identified as Jamboo Dweep. This area corresponds to what is now known as Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America, and was referred to as Bharat Varṣh. Bharat Varṣh was subdivided into nine distinct parts, one of which was Bharat Khaṇḍ. The Viṣṇu Puraṇ describes it as the territory situated south of the Himalayas, surrounded by water from three side. It is also said that the word ‘Bharat’ is derived from the name of King Bharat, who is celebrated as the first Chakravarti. Bharat Varsh refers to greater India, while Bharat Khand denotes the Indian subcontinent, which stretches from the Himalayas in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. (Devi, 2023).
As Bharat (Bharat Khand) is developing in the field of ultra-soft power and endeavours to formulate a healthy overarching strategy for its external affairs, the notion of ultra-soft power may prove beneficial. A robust ultra-soft power strategy could facilitate Bharat's acceptance as a leader at international level, attract greater foreign investment and tourism, and secure increased backing to strengthen its standing in global forums in a stable and dynamic manner. Bharat can guide the world towards peace and establish a new world order. (Singh, 2017, p. 01). It possesses a significant potential, and it is imperative for the nation to leverage this capability in the current context.
1.1. Ultra-soft Power: A Conceptual Framework
The discourse on global harmony invariably emphasizes the importance of 'ultra-soft power' in shaping external affairs. The concept of ‘soft power’ was initially introduced and brought to prominence by the Harvard professor Joseph Nye in his book, Bound to Lead (1990). In his article, “Soft power: the origins and political progress of a concept” (Nye, 2017), he asserts, Soft power refers to the capacity to achieve desired results by influence or attraction rather than through force or payment (Nye, 2017). The five essential components of soft power, when utilized with strategic intent, encompass Samman (dignity), Samvaad (dialogue), Samriddhi (shared prosperity), Suruksha (regional and global security), and Sanskriti evam Sabhyata (cultural and civilizational connections) (Mukherjee, 2024). In contemporary society, it is essential to formulate a new strategy that encompasses all these aspects in a comprehensive and effective way as the phrase ‘Soft Power’ has limited dimensions. The necessity for 'Ultra-soft Power' arises in order to effectively manage external affairs. The phrase ‘Ultra-soft Power’ means extra-ordinary soft power, which elegantly amalgamates all the dimensions of power for social welfare in the global context: military prowess, economic strength, and the influence derived from cultural and other value-based factors. The concept of 'ultra-soft power' pertains to the ability to balance actions collaboratively through useful tactics in order to attain comprehensive results on a global scale.
‘Ultra-soft power’ is a wide-ranging concept. While it can manifest through specific policies, initiatives, or activities, its scope extends beyond these elements. Similar to any valuable resource, ultra-soft power has the potential to be utilized for beneficial ends.
1.2. The Ultra-soft Power of Bharat: Initiatives for Global Harmony
In a world that is becoming increasingly interconnected, the significance of ultra-soft power has emerged as crucial in determining a nation’s global reputation and influence. The ultra-soft power of Bharat is, to some extent, supported by its military capabilities, economic strength and cultural interactions and value-based systems, reflecting a dedication to regional stability, national security and global welfare. Through its involvement in peacekeeping operations and the establishment of strategic alliances, Bharat illustrates its ability to exercise responsible leadership, improving its international standing and advocating for cooperation and communication rather than conflict in global affairs. India's economic initiatives, such as ‘the Act East Policy’ and participation in regional trade agreements, highlight its commitment to promoting regional integration, economic collaboration, and development. By capitalizing on its economic strength and strategic partnerships, India aims to enhance its role as a significant player in the global economy and influence the regional geopolitical landscape. Additionally, India’s ultra-soft power is enriched by its diverse cultural heritage, which includes art, music, spirituality, yoga, meditation and Ayurveda that resonate worldwide. Together with its democratic values and ethical standards, India champions ideals of peace, tolerance, and inclusivity, fostering international relationships and cooperation. These initiatives, which exemplify the ultra-soft power of Bharat, attest its esteemed image and build capacity to promote global harmony. Although balancing cooperation and contribution play major role in shaping the world, the role of communication strategies is becoming increasingly vital, with outcomes being influenced not just by the success of the military forces but also by the dominance of the narrative that emerges (Nye, 2011).
This research paper delves into Bharat’s multifaceted engagement with these dimensions of ultra-soft power in promoting global harmony, exploring how the country’s rich cultural heritage, economic policies, strategic partnerships, military strength and effective communication contribute to its emergence as a significant player on the world stage.
2. Dimensions of Ultra-soft Power
The dimensions of ultra-soft power are identified thus: military prowess, economic strength, and the influence derived from cultural and other value-based factors.
2.1. Military Prowess
Bharat is recognized as a big military power. Its position as the fourth most powerful military globally, as indicated by the 2024 Global Firepower Index, underscores its crucial contribution to regional security (Sagar, 2024). However, it does not attain the status of a 'military superpower' comparable to the United States, Russia, and China. Therefore, India’s desire to achieve such a status necessitates a comprehensive strategy. This could potentially be one of the factors contributing to the change in its defence structure. In 2020, India implemented structural changes by appointing a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) to lead the newly established Department of Military Affairs (DMA). This initiative aims to improve integration and balance within the Indian defence system, ensuring that the three services (Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force) effectively utilize their resources in a cohesive manner.
The military prowess of Bharat serves as a vital component of its ultra-soft power, promoting global harmony through peacekeeping missions, humanitarian assistance, non-interference, respect for sovereignty, and defence diplomacy. By participating in United Nations peacekeeping operations, India showcases its commitment to stability and conflict resolution, building trust with other nations. Additionally, India engages in defence cooperation and joint exercises with various countries, fostering partnerships and enhancing regional security. This approach not only strengthens India’s strategic position but also emphasizes its role as a responsible global player dedicated to maintaining peace and fostering collaboration, ultimately contributing to a more harmonious international society. The influence of Indian values, which promote peace, is evident in Europe and various Western nations (Sharma, 2023)
The initiatives of Bharat in security and defence cooperation are also vital for protecting its national interests, fostering regional stability, and addressing emerging security challenges. The United States, as Bharat's strategic ally, has become a significant defence supplier and security collaborator, with bilateral cooperation encompassing defence technology transfers, joint military exercises, and intelligence sharing. The renewal of the ‘U.S.-India Defence Framework Agreement, 2015’ highlights the dedication of both nations to enhancing defence relations and advancing maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region. Furthermore, Bharat’s defence partnerships with nations such as Israel and Russia have bolstered its defence capabilities and addressed a variety of security issues. Bharat's engagement with Southeast Asian nations, guided by the Act East Policy, aims to enhance maritime security, combat piracy, and improve collaboration in areas like counter-terrorism and disaster response. Joint naval exercises, including the Malabar Exercise, which involves the navies of Bharat, the United States, Japan, and Australia, exemplify the increasing cooperation among Indo-Pacific nations to uphold a free, open, and inclusive region. Additionally, Bharat's involvement in regional security organizations such as the ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association’ (IORA) and the ‘ASEAN Regional Forum’ (ARF) demonstrates its commitment to fostering peace, stability, and security in the area.
2.2. Economic Strength
The economic strength of Bharat constitutes an essential element of its ultra-soft power, fostering international unity. In April 2024, the International Monetary Fund projected Bharat’s GDP growth at 6.8 percent. However, in July 2024, this forecast was adjusted upward by 20 basis points to 7 percent. This positive assessment is largely due to a rise in household expenditure, especially in rural regions, which has been bolstered by increased agricultural earnings and various government assistance initiatives. Bharat’s economy is characterized by its diversity and rapid expansion, driven by vital sectors including information technology, services, agriculture, and manufacturing. The nation effectively leverages its extensive domestic market, a young and technologically skilled workforce, and a growing middle class. Subsequently, Bharat is positioned fifth in the global GDP rankings for the year 2024 (Forbes India, 2024).
The economic strength of Bharat is pivotal in advancing regional integration, stimulating economic growth and reinforcing relationships with the other countries of the world. ‘The Act East Policy’, introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, aims to bolster economic interactions with countries in East and Southeast Asia, capitalizing on Bharat's geographical advantages and historical connections to the area. Through platforms such as the ASEAN-India Summit and the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor, Bharat seeks to enhance trade, investment, and connectivity, unlocking new avenues for economic collaboration and development. A Win/Win solution ensures that all involved parties are satisfied with the decision and are dedicated to the implementation of the action plan. This approach views life as a collaborative endeavour rather than a competitive one (Covey, 1999, p. 207).
Bharat’s involvement in regional trade agreements like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) underscores its dedication to regional economic integration and cooperation. India's economic diplomacy also extends to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, regions that hold considerable economic potential and strategic significance. Engagement with Central Asian nations, supported by initiatives such as the International North-South Transport Corridor and the Chabahar Port Project, aims to improve connectivity and foster trade and investment in these areas. Likewise, India's relationships with the Middle East, marked by energy collaboration, remittances, and cultural exchanges, play a crucial role in promoting regional stability and economic prosperity. Prime Minister Modi transformed the ‘Look West’ policy into the ‘Link and Act West’ initiative during his initial visit to the United Arab Emirates, which was subsequently followed by trips to Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Iran between August 2015 and June 2016.